POLIOMYELITIS

       6.   POLIOMYELITIS

DEFINITION

It is vital infection of human alimentary system. It may be paralysis of brain, spinal cord or nerves.

CAUSATIVE ORGANISM

• RNA entero virus

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

• Droplet infection
• Faeco-oral route.

SIGN/SYMPTOMS

They divided into four types:-

1. Aspmpomatic or Subclinical or Silent ImfeInfec:   below 90% cases are symptoms.

2. Abortive Police: Virus enter into blood-stream but not effect to nervous system.

3 Non-paralytic Type Polio: 1% in effective Cases. In this type, virus enter into nervous

System but not effect on cells.

The symptoms are :-

-   Fever

-   Shitffiness of nek

-   Backache

-   Malaise

-   Vomiting

-   Headache.

4.  Paralytic Polio:-

• Very rare.
• It effect the cell of nervous system.

The Symptoms are:-

• Malaise
• Nausea
• Sore throat
• Anorexia
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Backache
• Stiffness of neck
• Drowsiness
• Irritation
• Tremour
• Flaccid paralysis

TREATMENT

• Ventilatory support
• Strict bed rest
• Sedatives
• Catheterization for retention of urine
• Laxative for constipation.

After recovery corrective surgery is done.

PREVENTION

• Vaccination (two types of vaccination)

1.  Sabin

2.  Salk.

MUMPS

                  5.  MUMPS

DEFINITION

Mumps is an acute infection viral disease which is characterized by swelling,tendern ten of parotid glands.

AGENT

Paramyxo virus (R.N.A.).

SIGN/SYMPTOMS

• Swollen face
• Pyrexia
• Headache
• Sore throat.

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION

• By tenderness and swelling of parotid gland.
• Blood test
• Urine test
• C.S.F. test

INCUBATION PERIOD

          2 to 3 weeks.

COMPLICATIONS

• Orchitis (inflammation of testi's)
• Oophoritis (inflammation of overy)
• Pancreatitis
• Myocarditis
• Mastitis
• Encephalits

TREATMENT

• Strict isolation
• Oral hygiene
• Liquid diet
• Antibiotics
• Steroids - hydrocortisone
• Analgesics - Morphine
• Hot fomentatiocon or ice packs
• Provide comfortable rest.

PREVENTION

• MMR vaccine to children of one year of age.

SMALLPOX (VARIOLA)

    4.  SMALLPOX (VARIOLA)

DEFINITION

It is an acute highly infection disease caused by variolla virus.

SIGM/SYMPTOMS

• Headache
• Fever
• Vomiting
• Backache
• Convulsion
• Vesicles are large and deeper, purulent. They left permanent scars after healing (pack mark).
• Stages of restless

                               Maciles

                                      !

                               Papules

                                      !

                               Vesicles

                                      !

                               Pustules

                                      !

                                  Scab

INCUBATION PERIOD

• 10-12 DAYS

COMPLICATIONS

• Same as chickenpox

TREATMENT

• Provide only supportive.
• Now vaccines is available but it have no need because it is totally eradicate now a days.

CHICKENPOX

                  3.  CHICKENPOX

DEFINITION

It is highly infection disease which is due to Varicella Zoster (VZ) virus. 

It is characterized by vesicular rashes with fever,malaise and aches.

CAUSATIVE AGENT

• Human (alpha) herpes virus.

SOURCES OF INFECTION

• NASAL SECRETION
• THROAT SECRETION
• MUCOUS membranes and blood.

INCUBATION PERIOD

       14-17 days.

SIGN/SYMPTOMS

• Pro-dromal stage/Pre-eruptive

          - Fever

          - Bodyache

          - Shivering

          - Malaise

Chickenpox

• Eruptive stage

           - Rashes appear

           - Stage of rashes.

                      Macule (Rash appear)

                                         !

                             Papules (Fix)

                                         !

                            Vesicle (Fluid)

                                         !

                                      Scan

Macule :- Change skin colour but not                                 elevation.

Papules :- Solid elevated structured and                            change skin colour.
Pustule :- Elevated skin with pus collection.

COMLICACOMPLI

• Skin infection
• Respiratory infection
• Encephalitis
• Haemorrhage

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

• Daily antiseptic bath
• Oral histamines to decrease pruritus
• Isolation until all lesion have crusted.
• Antiviral drugs 
• Avoid salicylates.
• Advice ti patient for shorten finger nails to prevent scratching.

NURSING MANAGEMENT

• Provide isolation to patient
• Provide rest to patient
• Give skin care
• Advice the patient that do not scratch to skin lesion.

INFLUENZA/FLU

               2.  INFLUENZA/FLU

DEFINITION

It is commonly known as flu. It is an acute viral infection of respiratory tract that leads to headache, backache, muscle ache and sever weakness.

CAUSATIVE ORGANISM

Hemophilus influenza (A, B, C).

INCUBATION PERIOD

1-4 days

INFLUENZA VIRUS

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Virus inter in respiratory fact
• Inflammation
• Necrosis of superficial of trachea for bronchial mucosa occur

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

• Fever with chills (which stable for 3 days)
• Malaise
• Headache
• Sore throat with sneezing
• Nasal block
• Bodyache
• Cough
• Laryngitis
• Anorexia
• Nausea/vomiting
• Enlarge lymph nodes.

COMPLICATIONS

• Pneumonia
• Bronchitis
• Ear infection.

TREATMENT

• Antiviral agents, e.g., Amantadine, Acyclovir
• Strict isolation
• Antipyretics, e.g., paracetamol
• Bed rest
• Encourage to patient for intake plenty of fluids
• Analgesics
• Nasal spray
• Cough syrup
• Vaporizer etc.

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE AND IT'S MANAGEMENT

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE 

                     UNIT AT GLANCE

VIRAL DISEASE

• Measles
• Influenza/Flu
• Chickenpox
• Smallpox (Various)
• Mumps
• Poliomyelitis
• Hepatitis
• Swine Flu

BACTERIAL DISEASES

• Diphtheria
• Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
• Leprosy
• Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever)
• Cholera
• Plague

ZOONOSES DISEASES

• Rabies (Hydrophobia)
• Dengue Fever
• Malaria
• Filariasis

MEASLES

                1.  MEASLES

DEFINITION

It is a viral disease that mostly found in children which is characterized by fever, coughing, sneezing and running of nose.

CAUSATIVE ORGANISM

• Paramyxo group (RNA) virus.

INCUBATION PERIOD

• 10 - 14 days.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

• Direct contact
• Droplet infection (sneezing, talking)
• Formats etc.

CLINICAL FEATURES

• Fever 
• Lethargy
• Cough
• Coryza
• Small red spots with white center appear on the inside of the chicks
• Pink rash develops after 3-5 daya
• Symptoms which arises after 2-3 days
• Koplik's spots on buccal pharyngeal mucosa (greyish white spots with reddish areolae) which disappear within 12-18 year.

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION

• By signs and Symptoms
• By koplik's spot
• By swab culture of naso--pharynx
• Serological studies

COMPLICATIONS

• Laryngitis
• Gastroenteritis
• Bronchitis
• Otitis media
• Encephalitis
• Endocarditis
• Conjunctivitis

MEDCAME MANAGEMENT

• Antiviral agebag, e.g., acyclovir
• Symptoms drugs, e.g.,

         - Sedative

         - Antipyretics

         - Anti-histamines

NURSING MANAGEMENT

• Provide Symptomatic care and respiratory isolation.
• Provide dark room to patient for photophobia.
• Prevention through immunization is the best practice.
• Bed test in humid and warm room.
• Encourage for adequate fluid intake.
• Strict isolation.
• Provide oral and personal hygiene to patient.

PREVENTION

• Measles vaccine

          ----- MMR ---. 9-12 months or 15-18                           month.

• Give human measles immunoglobulin if vaccine was not given before disease.

HEALTH EDUCATION

• About isolation
• Immunization etc.